al american argue arrest attitudes authors based cases change claims community conditional control countries crime criminal de deterrent discretion domestic drug effect et example fact focused follow found funding government groups impact imprisonment incarceration increased individual influence involved issues jacobs jones journals judges justice kovandzic laws lead level literature mandatory measure media newburn offenders opinion order outcomes passed people places police policies political politicians population prevention prison problem programs prosecutors public punishment punitive racial rates recidivism reduce reform research resources restorative results risk sentencing sex social states study support system theory threat three-strikes uk victims view violence welfare whites work
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